_Neonatal Bioethics: A Complicated Decisión_ _Bioética neonatal: uma decisão complicada_ _Carta al editor / Letter to the editor / Carta ao editor_ _Para citar esta carta / To reference this letter / Para citar esta carta _ Dussán-Rojas LV, Chacón-Pedraza SA. Bioética neonatal: una decisión complicada. Pers Bioet. 2019; 23: 140-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.1.10.

La resolución 466 de 2007, promulgada por el Ministerio de Educación Nacional, representa un avatar sin precedentes en la institucionalización de la Ciencia Política en Colombia. Aunque avanza en la definición de las características específicas de calidad y desarrollo de los programas en materia de metodología, sin embargo no logra establecer una diferenciación clara entre los programas de ciencias sociales. Por esta razón, el presente artículo indaga por la especificidad disciplinar de la Ciencia Política, a partir de la revisión de (...) los métodos de investigación, en los programas de pregrado de las universidades de Bogotá. Para este efecto, está dividido en dos partes: primero, una revisión de la discusión epistemológica sobre los métodos de la disciplina en Francia e Inglaterra; y segundo, una revisión de los contenidos y la bibliografía de los syllabus de metodología de los programas de ciencias sociales de las universidades de Bogotá. Al final, se espera demostrar que no existen métodos específicos de Ciencia Política sino métodos genéricos para las ciencias sociales. (shrink)

The Purpose in Life Test is a measure of purpose in life widely used in many cultures and countries; however, cross-cultural assessments are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the PIL in the general population of seven Latin American countries. A total of 4306 people participated, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, where Uruguay has the highest mean age ; while Ecuador has the lowest mean age. Furthermore, in each country, there is a higher proportion (...) of women than men. Using Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the factorial structure does not show evidence of invariance among the included countries. However, based on the Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment, there is evidence that a three-dimensional structure of the PIL is the same in the participating countries. Results based on item response theory indicate that most PIL items can significantly differentiate responses according to the level of life purpose. In addition, people with low life purpose will tend to choose the lower response alternatives on the PIL; while people with higher life purpose will choose higher response alternatives. The findings indicate that the PIL has the potential to increase knowledge about how people conceive and experience their purpose in life in different countries. (shrink)

Alfonso Monsalve Solórzano: Colombia: democracia y paz. Medellín, Fondo Editorial Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, 1999, pp. 378.

The present paper argues that the Venezuelan-Chilean philosopher Andrés Bello constitutes an important but heretofore neglected prefiguration of Richard Rorty. I argue for this thesis by articulating first an Inter-American philosophical narrative (based on previous work by Alex Stehn and Carlos Sanchez) that enables me to highlight certain common characteristics in philosophical projects that flourished across the Americas. Having done this, I show that Rorty’s anti-representationalism and anti-foundationalism are prefigured in Bello’s most important philosophical treatise, Filosofía del Entendimiento, to (...) the extent that Bello recognizes the problems posed by the ocular metaphors that are systematically used by Early modern philosophers such as Descartes or Locke, and suggests their elimination and replacement by other metaphors. Finally, I conclude that, if my arguments are correct, the intellectual geography of neo-pragmatism needs to be expanded beyond traditional geographies such as Europe and the US. (shrink)

Reseña bibliográfica de LAKS, André & MOST, Glenn W.: Early Greek Philosophy, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2016, 9 vols.

The Venezuelan-Chilean humanist Andrés Bello has been recognized as one of the most distinguished intellectuals of the 19th century—one of the last polymaths of the stature of figures such as Athanasius Kircher, Gottfried Leibniz or Benjamin Franklin. Indeed, his numerous contributions span fields such as grammar, poetry, civil law, diplomacy, education, political theory, philology and philosophy. However, despite having composed one of the most important philosophical treatises ever written in Spanish, his philosophical proposals have not been engaged with a (...) substantial way by scholars of the Anglophone world. Only a few scholars such as... (shrink)

Following the line of thought articulated by Gallegos-Ordorica (2019), the main goal of this article is to argue that the 19th century Venezuelan-Chilean polymath Andrés Bello should be included within the history of the pragmatist tradition as an important precursor insofar as his masterpiece, Filosofía del Entendimiento (Philosophy of the Understanding), exhibits many views and attitudes that are characteristic of pragmatism. A second and narrower goal of this article is to show that the specific kind of proto-pragmatist position that (...) Bello endorses in Philosophy of the Understanding bears remarkable similarities to the neo-pragmatist view of Huw Price and to argue that Bello’s metaphorical idea-signs can be potentially useful in explaining the great variety of functions that what Price calls “i-representations” have within his functional pluralism. (shrink)

Contiene una sección especial sobre Filosofía Latinoamericana, donde hay ponencias de los siguientes autores: Carlos Alemián, Abelardo Barra Ruatta, Alberto Buela y Oscar Wingartz Plata. Además, sobre Arturo A. Roig (dos artículos, uno de Estela Fernández y otro de Marisa Muñoz, Dante Ramaglia y Oscar Zalazar); sobre ensayo y fenomenología en América Latina (Clara Alicia Jalif de Bertranou); sobre Agustín Alvarez (Dante Ramaglia); y sobre Simón Rodríguez (Oscar Salazar). De otras secciones destacamos una ponencia de Arturo A. Roig sobre la (...) historia de las ideas y la filosofía latinoamericana, y otras dos, una sobre Mariátegui (Néstor Kohan) y la segunda sobre Andrés Mercado Vera (Isabel Luchetta)"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 58. (shrink)

Uno de los problemas centrales que el filósofo francés Bernard Stiegler ha abordado para sostener una constitución tecno- lógica de la humanidad, es la cuestión del origen del hombre. El asunto recae en preguntarse si es posible pensar quién es el hombre desde esta tesis, sin volver a la metafísica o la filosofía trascendental. Esta posición ha de estar enraizada en una ontología que aprehenda el componente causal a nivel relacional, dejando de lado las explicaciones en las cuales la causa (...) es substancialista. Para dar desarrollo a esta propuesta, este artículo se compone de dos partes generales: la primera está destinada a presentar hasta dónde sigue y en dónde se separa Stiegler de la concepción zoo-antropológica de André Leroi-Gourhan sobre el origen del hombre; para luego explicar las bases epistemológicas y ontológicas sobre las que Stiegler erige sus tesis tecno-ontológica de la humanidad; a saber: los fundamentos de la transducción simondoniana y la diferancia derridiana. (shrink)

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de materiales disponibles en revistas electrónicas de la base SciELO con el objetivo de fundamentar la contribución de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural a la Salud Pública cubana y las interrelaciones ciencia-tecnología-sociedad. La perspectiva Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad contribuye a construir una cultura científica para que la población en general pueda llegar a sentirla como propia, lo cual requiere priorizar la aplicación de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural socialmente útil y culturalmente relevante con el compromiso (...) social basado en la erradicación de la pobreza, la armonía con la naturaleza y el desarrollo sustentable. Se enfatizó en la importancia de la medicina preventiva, además de poner en evidencia la necesidad de reconceptualizar la investigación en las ciencias médicas sobre la base de una visión interdisciplinaria que permita revelar fenómenos no explicados hasta el momento, aspecto que necesita del enfoque desde la perspectiva de la ciencia, tecnología y sociedad como complemento esencial. We conducted a bibliographic review of materials available in electronic journals in SciELO base aiming to substantiate the contribution of Natural and traditional medicine to the Cuban public health and the interrelationships of science-technology - society. Science, technology and society perspective contributes to build a scientific culture so the population can in general get to feel it as their own, which requires to prioritize the application of traditional medicine and Natural, socially useful and culturally relevant social commitment based on the eradication of poverty, the harmony with nature and sustainable development. Emphasized the importance of preventive medicine, as well as highlight the need to reconceptualize the research in the medical sciences on the basis of an interdisciplinary view that reveal phenomena not explained so far, issue that needs the approach from the perspective of science, technology and society as essential complement. (shrink)

Este artículo intenta rastrear una de las vértebras centrales del pensamiento Nietzscheano que ha sido tratada de modo tangencial, a saber, sus interpretaciones sobre la formación humana. En ese orden de ideas aborda una lectura de algunas de las críticas y propuestas sobre la educaciónque se encuentran en Schopenhauer como educador y El futuro de nuestras instituciones educativas,conferencias presentadas por Nietzsche entre enero y marzo de 1872, desde una perspectivapsicológica que se expresa en la doctrina de los impulsos nietzscheana. La (...) primera parte del artículose adentra a una interpretación detenida de la propuesta formativa de carácter psicológico delindividuo como unidad de estilo que Nietzsche presenta en la segunda sección del Schopenhauereducador. La segunda parte pone de relieve el valor crítico y propositivo que tiene la tesis con cabeza de Jano, con la cual Nietzsche articula su interpretación de la tarea cultural de la educación en Sobre el futuro de nuestras instituciones educativas. Este proyecto que Nietzsche presenta a laeducación resulta abrirse campo hasta nuestros días y resulta ser aún una perspectiva valiosa y crítica para interpretar las altas tareas culturales de nuestra educación, así como también permitiría fundamentar una base plausible de interpretación para rastrear el papel de la educación en ladoctrina de Nietzsche. (shrink)

This paper deepens the knowledge of the hospital and brotherhood of the Resurrection, founded by the moriscos of the Albaicín. Using unreleased documentation from the Historical Archive of Protocols of Granada, the General Archive of Simancas and the Archive of the Alhambra, among others, it traces the history of this institution, so unique, yet relatively unknown, despite its influence in the realm of Granada and its supposed participation in the 1568 rebellion. Special attention is paid to the social profile of (...) the brotherhood members, also mostly members of the group known as “the rich men of the Albaicín”. (shrink)

IntroductionStress is associated with disease and reduced leukocyte telomere length. The objective of this research is to determine if self-perceived stress is associated with telomere length in Costa Rican adults and the gender differences in this association. Findings may help explain how some populations in apparent socioeconomic disadvantage and with limited access to specialized medical services have a remarkably high life expectancy.MethodologyData come from the pre-retirement cohort of the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study, a population based survey conducted (...) in the households to 2,327 adults aged 53 to 66 years. The DNA to measure LTL was extracted from blood cells in laboratories of the University of Costa Rica whereas the Blackburn laboratory at the University of California performed the telomere length measurement applying the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between telomere length and perceived stress was measured using least-squares multiple regression. Perceived stress was measured by a set of questions about family, job, finances and, health reasons to be stressed. Models included the control variables: age and sex of the participant, whether he or she resides in the Nicoya area, a “blue zone” known for its high longevity, and the aforementioned sociodemographic, health and lifestyles characteristics.ResultsStress perception and LTL are significantly different by sex. Women perceived higher stress levels than men in almost all aspects studied, except work. Women have significantly longer telomeres. Shorter telomeres are significantly associated with caregiving stress in men and with parental health concerns in women. Counter-intuitive telomere lengthenings were observed among women who feel stressed about caring for family members; and among men who feel stressed due to their family relationships as well as concerns about their own health.DiscussionResults confirm that people with self-perceived stress due to caregiving or health issues have shorter telomeres. The relationship between stress and telomere length differs between men and women. Gender relations exert a strong modifier effect on the relationship between stress and LTL: gender is related to perceived stress, telomere length, and apparently also to the way stress and LTL are related. (shrink)

This is the first publication on complete and stand alone arithmetization of bivalent logic.

Ontologie, Wahrheit und Kausalitat stellt den Versuch dar, die ontologische Analyse von Kausalitat vor dem Hintergrund der Verteidigung von Ontologie im traditionellen Sinne einer realistischen Kategorientheorie zu fuhren. In einem ersten metaontologischen Teil wird die Moglichkeit von Ontologie als realistische Kategorientheorie verteidigt und es werden methodologische Grundsatze fur ontologische Untersuchungen entwickelt. Im zweiten Teil der Untersuchung werden ontologische Theorien der Kausalitat aus der aktuellen Diskussion vor dem im ersten Teil entwickelten metaontologischen Hintergrund evaluiert. Die Analyse von Kausalitat als ontologische Relation (...) erweist sich dabei als den anderen Vorschlagen uberlegen.". (shrink)

Tous les philosophes reconnaissent que tous les hommes aspirent au bonheur mais ils se divisent en deux groupes. Les premiers affirment le caractère illusoire ou accessoire du bonheur au regard de fins supérieures. Pour Pascal, l'homme est impuissant à atteindre le bonheur ; sa quête est la marque et la trace d'un vide que seul Dieu peut remplir. Selon Kant, le bonheur est un concept indéterminé et purement empirique, idéal de l'imagination ; s'il en fait son but, l'individu ne répond (...) pas à l'impératif moral qui est de prendre pour fin le bonheur d'autrui. Kant reconnaît qu'exiger de chacun le sacrifice de son propre bonheur est une maxime contradictoire. Il professe aussi que seule la vertu rend digne du bonheur, mais doit admettre que dans le monde il n'y a pas de lien nécessaire entre la moralité et le bonheur. Pour échapper à ces apories, la raison pratique doit postuler l'immortalité de l'âme et l'existence de Dieu. Les seconds récusent cette hypothèque religieuse et prônent l'acceptation de la vie et la confiance en la raison comme guide dans la conduite de l'existence et la recherche du bonheur. Ils invitent à aimer la vie telle qu'elle nous est donnée et à jouir de son être comme Montaigne le recommande au chapitre XIII du Livre III des Essais. L'indispensable corrélat est de recourir à «la raison vigilante qui recherche avec soin les motifs de ce qu'il faut choisir et de ce qu'il faut éviter et rejette les vaines opinions à cause desquelles le plus grand trouble s'empare des âmes» (Epicure, Lettre à Ménécée). Cet essai s'inscrit dans cette filiation et vise à esquisser une démarche possible. Tout bonheur ne peut être cherché qu'à travers la confrontation avec l'existence. Elle comporte de nombreuses épreuves : consentir aux limites qui enserrent notre condition, dépasser les figures obligées qui se répètent dans nos parcours, assumer les difficultés des relations avec autrui, écarter les illusions dont la dissipation est amère. A l'issue de ce cheminement, il incombe à chacun d'inventer ses propres règles, de tracer son itinéraire afin de saisir les promesses de la vie et de l'art. (shrink)

The role of Greek thought in the final days of the Roman republic is a topic that has garnered much attention in recent years. This volume of essays, commissioned specially from a distinguished international group of scholars, explores the role and influence of Greek philosophy, specifically Epicureanism, in the late republic. It focuses primarily (although not exclusively) on the works and views of Cicero, premier politician and Roman philosopher of the day, and Lucretius, foremost among the representatives and supporters of (...) Epicureanism at the time. Throughout the volume, the impact of such disparate reception on the part of these leading authors is explored in a way that illuminates the popularity as well as the controversy attached to the followers of Epicurus in Italy, ranging from ethical and political concerns to the understanding of scientific and celestial phenomena. (shrink)

Current work in language models (LMs) helps us speed up or even skip thinking by accelerating and automating cognitive work. But can LMs help us with critical thinking -- thinking in deeper, more reflective ways which challenge assumptions, clarify ideas, and engineer new concepts? We treat philosophy as a case study in critical thinking, and interview 21 professional philosophers about how they engage in critical thinking and on their experiences with LMs. We find that philosophers do not find LMs to (...) be useful because they lack a sense of selfhood (memory, beliefs, consistency) and initiative (curiosity, proactivity). We propose the selfhood-initiative model for critical thinking tools to characterize this gap. Using the model, we formulate three roles LMs could play as critical thinking tools: the Interlocutor, the Monitor, and the Respondent. We hope that our work inspires LM researchers to further develop LMs as critical thinking tools and philosophers and other 'critical thinkers' to imagine intellectually substantive uses of LMs. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage est une réédition numérique d’un livre paru au XXe siècle, désormais indisponible dans son format d’origine.

This is one more edition of Voltaire's "Candide", meant to highlight the wealth of philosophical and theological discussions hidden behind the apparently innocent veil of the most renowned fable of modernity. The rather extended apparatus accordingly consists of a series of short chapters by Filippo Bruni on the Enlightenment and Metaphysics, and in more detail, on theology, Free choice, the problem of evil, and happiness in an imperfect world and another by Sergio Cremaschi on the Enlightenment and morality, and (...) in more detail on moral universalism, religion without metaphysics, toleration, and pacifism. -/- Table of contents I. Before the text A trick for priests A scandalous book Garden with view -/- II. Text Candide or optimism -/- III. Context Biography 1. The seven years war 2. Calvinists and Socinians 3. Jiansenists and Gesuits 4. Marranos and inquisitors 5. Conquistadores and slave-traders 6. Paraguay under the Jesuits -/- IV. Co-text 1. Enlightenment and Metaphysics 1.1. Theology 1.2. Free choice 1.3. The problem of evil 1.4. Being happy in an imperfect world -/- 2. Enlightenment and morality 2.1. Universal morality 2.2. Religion without Metaphysics 2.3. Toleration 2.4. Pacifism -/- 3. Enlightenment and the images of other places 3.1. The image of Eldorado 3.2. The image of Paraguay 3.3 The image of the Islamic world 3.4. The image of the Jew -/- 4. The conte philosophique -/- Bibliography Lexicon Index of names and concepts -/- V. Reader’s guide. (shrink)

El tema vertebrador como se indica en el título es el sentido de la vida. Se ofrece una serie de reflexiones sobre la relación de la persona con la matematización de la cultura. El conocimiento científico del mundo no es banal, sino que a partir de él la persona en su «voluntad de sentido» mira a esa realidad con la que interactúa. Adentrarnos en el significado de algunos fenómenos matemáticostecnológicos relacionados con la inteligencia artificial, captar los mensajes sociales que se (...) producen y penetrar en su sentido profundo puede ofrecernos claves para la comprensión (y auto-comprensión) de la persona en su estar en la sociedad actual. (shrink)

'We desire all and only those things we conceive to be good; we avoid what we conceive to be bad.' This slogan was once the standard view of the relationship between desire or motivation and rational evaluation. Many critics have rejected this scholastic formula as either trivial or wrong. It appears to be trivial if we just define the good as 'what we want', and wrong if we consider apparent conflicts between what we seem to want and what we seem (...) to think is good. In Appearances of the Good, Sergio Tenenbaum argues that the old slogan is both significant and right, even in cases of apparent conflict between our desires and our evaluative judgements. Maintaining that the good is the formal end of practical inquiry in much the same way as truth is the formal end of theoretical inquiry, he provides a fully unified account of motivation and evaluation. (shrink)